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Physical Science:
Dr. Sunil Karna
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Front Matter
Colophon
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Preface
1
Scientific Method
1.1
Significant Figures
1.1.1
Rounding off the Numbers
1.1.2
Mathematical Operations with Significant Figures
1.1.3
Science and Religion
1.2
Ancient Observations
1.2.1
Retrograde Motion
1.2.2
Tides
1.3
Units and Measurements
1.3.1
Derived Units
1.3.2
Conversion of Units
1.3.3
Conversion Factors
1.4
Examples
1.5
Exercise
2
Motion
2.1
Describing Motion
2.1.1
Equations of Motion
2.1.1.1
Free Fall
2.1.1.2
Projectile Motion
2.2
Force
2.2.1
Contact Forces
2.2.2
Newton’s Laws of Motion
2.2.3
Momentum
2.2.4
Uniform Circular Motion
2.2.5
Newton’s Law of Gravitation
2.2.5.1
Escape Velocity
2.3
Examples
2.4
Exercise
3
Energy
3.1
Work, Energy, and Power
3.1.1
Work-Energy Theorem
3.1.2
power
3.2
Conservation Principles
3.2.1
Principle of Conservation of Energy
3.2.2
Principle of Conservation of Momentum
3.2.3
Collision
3.2.4
Angular Momentum
3.2.5
Torque
3.2.6
Principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum
3.3
Examples
3.4
Exercise
4
Matter and Heat
4.1
Thermometers
4.1.1
Quantity of Heat
4.1.1.1
Specific Heat
4.1.1.2
Latent Heat
4.1.2
Heat Transfer
4.1.3
Entropy
4.2
Fluid
4.2.1
Archimedes’ Principle
4.2.2
Kinetic Theory of Gases
4.2.2.1
The Gas Laws
4.3
Examples
4.4
Exercise
5
Electricity and Magnetism
5.1
Charges
5.1.1
Coulomb’s Law
5.1.2
Electric Field
5.1.3
Materials on Electrical Point of View
5.2
Electricity
5.2.1
Electric Potential (Voltage)
5.2.2
Ohm’s Law
5.2.3
Electrical Circuits
5.3
Magnetism
5.3.1
Electromagnetism
5.3.2
Electromagnet
5.3.3
Transformer
5.4
Examples
5.5
Exercise
6
Waves
6.1
Wave and its Properties
6.1.1
Sound
6.1.1.1
Reverberation and Echo
6.1.1.2
Doppler Effect
6.2
Light
6.2.1
Geometrical Optics
6.2.1.1
Reflection of Light
6.2.1.2
Refraction of Light
6.2.1.3
Dispersion of Light
6.2.1.4
Scattering of Light
6.3
Examples
6.4
Exercises
7
Atoms and Nucleus
7.1
Atomic Structure
7.1.1
Blackbody Radiation
7.1.2
Photoelectric Effect
7.1.3
The Dual Nature of Light
7.1.4
Bohr’s Model of Hydrogen Atom
7.1.5
Origin of Spectra
7.1.6
X-Rays
7.1.7
The Laser
7.2
Nuclear Structure
7.2.1
Radioactivity
7.2.1.1
Half-Life
7.2.1.2
Carbon Dating
7.2.2
Binding Energy
7.2.2.1
Binding Energy per Nucleon
7.2.3
Nuclear Reactions
7.2.4
Effects of Radiation
7.2.5
Nuclear Reactor
7.3
Examples
7.4
Exercises
8
The Chemical Elements
8.1
Changes in Matter
8.1.1
The Classification of Matter
8.1.2
Atomic Theory
8.2
The Periodic Table
8.2.1
Electronic Configuration
8.2.2
Octet Rule
8.2.3
Valency
8.3
Chemical Bonds & Equations
8.3.1
Naming of Compounds
8.3.2
Molecular Formula
8.3.3
Free Radicals
8.3.4
Polyatmic Ions
8.3.5
Chemical Equations
8.4
Chemical Reactions
8.4.1
Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
8.4.2
The Mole
8.5
Examples
8.6
Exercises
9
Crystals and Solutions
9.1
Crystalline Solids
9.1.1
Polar & Nonploar Molecules
9.2
Solution
9.2.1
Types of Solution
9.2.2
Colligative property of a solution
9.3
Acids and Base
9.3.1
The pH Scale
9.3.2
Salts
9.4
Examples
9.5
Exercises
10
The Atmosphere
10.1
Ozone
10.1.1
Ozone Hole
10.1.2
Atmospheric Moisture
10.1.3
Meteorology
10.1.4
Greenhouse Effect
10.2
The Seasons
10.2.1
Winds
10.3
The Hydrosphere
10.3.1
Ocean Basins
10.3.1.1
Weathering
10.3.1.2
Erosion
10.3.1.3
Ground Water
10.3.1.4
Sediment Deposition
10.3.1.5
Caves
10.3.2
Tsunami
10.4
Examples
10.5
Exercises
11
The Earth
11.1
Structure of the Earth
11.1.1
Composition of Earth’s Crust
11.2
Rocks & Minerals
11.2.1
Rocks
11.2.2
Coral Reef
11.3
Earthquakes
11.3.1
Types of Deformation
11.4
Tectonic Movement
11.4.1
Continental Drift
11.4.2
Plate Tectonics
11.5
Historical Geology
11.5.1
Human History
11.6
Examples
11.7
Exercises
12
The Solar System
12.1
Debri Belts
12.1
The Planets
12.1.1
Venus
12.1.2
Mars
12.1.3
Jupiter
12.1.4
Saturn
12.1.5
Uranus
12.1.6
Neptune
12.2
The Moon
12.2.1
The phases of the moon
12.2.2
Eclipse
12.2.3
Origin of the Moon
12.3
Examples
12.5
Exercise
13
The Stars
13.1
Observational Astronomy
13.1.1
The Tools in Astronomy
13.1.2
The Sun
13.1.2.1
Solar Energy
13.1.2.2
Aurora Borealis
13.1.3
Stellar Distances
13.2
H-R Diagram
13.2.1
Supernovas
13.2.1.1
Neutron Stars
13.2.1.2
Pulsars
13.2.1.3
Black Holes
13.2.2
Evolution of the Solar System
13.3
Examples
13.4
Exercise
14
The Universe
14.1
Galaxies
14.1.1
Milky Way Galaxy
14.1.2
Andromeda Galaxy
14.1.3
Globular Cluster
14.1.4
Magelenic Cloud
14.1.5
Nebulae
14.1.6
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
14.1.7
Quasars
14.1.8
Expansion of the Universe
14.2
Examples
14.3
Exercise
Backmatter
A
Selected Hints
B
Selected Solutions
C
List of Symbols
Index
References
Dedication
Dedication
To my wife Pushpa Kantha and daughters, Priya and Roma, who has been my constant source of support and inspiration.
